Le tala'aga o maneta tumau tumau mo afi

Eleele eleele e seasea maua(maneta tumau tumau) are 17 metallic elements in the middle of the periodic table (atomic numbers 21, 39, and 57-71) that have unusual fluorescent, conductive, and magnetic properties that make them incompatible with more common metals such as Iron) is very useful when alloyed or mixed in small amounts. Geologically speaking, rare earth elements are not particularly rare. Deposits of these metals are found in many parts of the world, and some elements are present in roughly the same amount as copper or tin. However, rare earth elements have never been found in very high concentrations and are often mixed with each other or with radioactive elements such as uranium. The chemical properties of rare earth elements make it difficult to separate from surrounding materials, and these properties also make They are difficult to purify. Current production methods require large amounts of ore and generate large amounts of hazardous waste to extract only small amounts of rare earth metals, with waste from processing methods including radioactive water, toxic fluorine and acids.

O maneta tumau muamua na maua o minerale na maua ai se maneta mautu. Seʻia oʻo i le amataga o le 19 senituri, o maneta sa maʻaleʻale, le mautu, ma faia i le uamea kaponi. I le 1917, na maua ai e Iapani le uʻamea maneta cobalt, lea na faʻaleleia atili ai. O le faʻatinoga o maneta tumau ua faʻaauau pea ona faʻaleleia talu mai le latou mauaina. Mo Alnicos (Al / Ni / Co alloys) i le 1930s, o lenei evolusione na faʻaalia i le maualuga o le aofaʻi o le malosi o oloa (BH) max, lea na faʻaleleia atili ai le tulaga lelei o maneta tumau, ma mo se voluma o maneta, o le aupito maualuga le malosi malosi e mafai ona liua i le mana e mafai ona faʻaaogaina i masini e faʻaaoga ai maneta.

O le maneta ferrite muamua na maua fa'afuase'i i le 1950 i le falesu'esu'e o le fisiki a le Philips Industrial Research i Netherlands. O se fesoasoani na faʻapipiʻiina i se mea sese - sa tatau ona ia saunia se isi faʻataʻitaʻiga e suʻesuʻe o se mea semiconductor. Na maua o le mea moni o le maneta, o lea na pasi atu ai i le vaega suʻesuʻe maneta. Ona o lona lelei lelei o se maneta ma maualalo le tau o gaosiga. E pei o lea, o se oloa na atiaʻe e Philips na faʻailogaina le amataga o le faʻateleina vave o le faʻaogaina o maneta tumau.

I le vaitau o le 1960, o le maneta muamua o le lalolagi seasea(maneta tumau tumau)na faia mai fa'ameamea o le elemene lanthanide, yttrium. O i latou ia o maneta tumau malosi ma le maualuga o le saturation magnetization ma le tetee lelei i le demagnetization. E ui lava e taugata, maaleale ma le aoga i le maualuga o le vevela, ae ua amata ona latou pulea le maketi ona o latou talosaga e sili atu ona talafeagai. O le umiaina o komepiuta a le tagata lava ia na salalau i le 1980s, o lona uiga o le maualuga o le manaoga mo maneta tumau mo masini malo.

Alloys e pei o le samarium-cobalt na atiina ae i le ogatotonu o le 1960 ma le uluai augatupulaga o metala suiga ma eleele e le masani ai, ma i le faaiuga o le 1970s, na maualuga ai le tau o le cobalt ona o sapalai le mautu i Congo. I lena taimi, o le maualuga o le samarium-cobalt maneta tumau (BH) max sili ona maualuga ma e tatau i le sosaiete suʻesuʻe ona sui nei maneta. I ni nai tausaga mulimuli ane, i le 1984, o le atinaʻeina o maneta tumau e faʻavae i luga o le Nd-Fe-B na muamua faʻatulagaina e Sagawa et al. Fa'aaogā tekinolosi fa'ameamea i le Sumitomo Special Metals, fa'aaogā le fa'a'a'aiga fa'afefeteina mai le General Motors. E pei ona fa'aalia i le ata o lo'o i lalo, (BH)max ua si'itia i luga ole toeitiiti atoa le seneturi, amata ile ≈1 MGOe mo sila ma o'o atu ile 56 MGOe mo maneta NdFeB ile 20 tausaga talu ai.

O le faʻaauau pea o galuega faʻapisinisi ua avea nei ma faʻamuamua, ma o elemene o le eleele e le masani ai, lea na faʻaalia e atunuu o ni mea mataʻina autu ona o le maualuga o le tuʻuina atu o le lamatiaga ma le taua o le tamaoaiga, ua tatalaina ai nofoaga mo suʻesuʻega i maneta tumau tumau e le masani ai. O se tasi o fa'atonuga o su'esu'ega o le toe tepa i tua i maneta tumau na amata ona fa'atupuina, maneta ferrite, ma su'esu'e atili i le fa'aaogaina o meafaigaluega fou ma metotia o lo'o maua i le tele o tausaga talu ai. E tele fa'alapotopotoga o lo'o galulue nei i ni su'esu'ega fou o lo'o fa'amoemoe e suitulaga ai maneta e seasea-lalolagi i mea lanu meamata, sili atu ona lelei.